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A pain originating from the heart muscle itself is called Angina. This occurs when the blood vessels taking blood to the heart (coronary arteries), become partially blocked with fatty plaques caused by atherosclerosis (heart disease). The blood flow is only sufficient when the heart is at rest, but during activity, when the heartbeat can increase from 75 to 190 beats per minute, the heart muscle cannot get sufficient blood flow in it and causes mild to severe pain. This is why angina is brought on by exercise but will subside when the activity stops and the person rests. Angina will become worse over a period of time and less activity will provoke the pain. If the angina suddenly worsens and you experience symptoms even while at rest, the cause could be a blocked artery resulting in a heart attack. If this occurs, seek medical assistance immediately. Angina is not easy to diagnose from symptoms alone, as other conditions such as indigestion, show similar signs.

Signs and symptoms

• Pain can be mild or severe
 • The pain is most often described as heavy, crushing, tightness and choking
 • Pain originates from the center of the chest, can radiate up the neck and down the arms.  Most often it is the left arm.
 • Shortness of breath
 • Perspiration

There are no specific tests for angina, but your doctor will probably begin by asking three simple questions. What causes the discomfort? What does it feel like? What helps to ease the pain? The doctor may also suspect possibly angina if there are other cardiovascular risk factors such as - smoking cigarettes, family history of heart attacks, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, age and diabetes. The doctor will perform a physical examination on the patient paying special attention to the heart and any abnormal sounds or beats.

Routine tests include an electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure measurements, blood and urine tests and a chest X-ray. The doctor may require during the ECG the patient walks on a treadmill (exercise bike) while hooked up to a machine that records the heart’s electrical activity. The level of exercise is slowly increased until the patient feels pain and there is a change to the ECG pattern. Further tests may include a coronary angiogram. This entails a fine tube inserted into your heart via an artery in your groin. A special dye is then inserted into the arteries clearly displaying any narrowing (blocked) arteries on the X-ray images.

Angina responds well to drug treatment. The most common drugs used to treat angina are the following:

• Nitrates - These drugs come as fast-acting sprays or tablets that are placed under the tongue to ease the pain during an angina attack. Long-acting tablets taken daily reduce the need for the sprays.

• Beta-blockers - These tablets lessen the workload of the heart by allowing it to beat slower and less forcefully than usual. These tablets prevent pain and slow down the gradual worsening of angina.

• Calcium antagonists - Helps to dilate the arteries allowing more blood flow through them. They lower blood pressure; reduce the heart’s workload to help prevent pain.

A standard treatment is a low, daily dose of aspirin to prevent anymore atheroma from building up in the heart arteries.

Once an artery has become blocked or narrowed by plaques of atheroma, there are two levels of intervention needed for reinstating blood supply to the heart muscle. The intervention chosen will depend on how badly the artery is blocked or narrowed. 1) Angioplasty - This procedure is performed only when the arteries are not completely blocked. A fine tube (catheter) is inserted into the heart. On the tip of the tube is a tiny balloon, which is then inflated and deflated a few times to squash the plaque and widen the artery. This procedure is performed under local anesthetic and is carried out on an outpatient basis. 2) Bypass surgery - This procedure is carried out only if the arteries are completely blocked or very narrow. A new route for the blood supply is made using a bypass graft. For the bypass graft, surgeons have two options - they either use an existing artery that lies within the chest or they use a piece of vein removed from the leg.

Sometimes a person may have up to four blockages to bypass. Bypass surgery is performed under local anesthetic and can take from three to five hours to complete the surgery. Today it has become one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Heart Disease

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Don’t get the wrong idea; kettlebells aren’t a modern invention. In fact, many place their creation in the first decades of the eighteenth century according to our best approximations. It’s only recently that they’ve shot to worldwide renown, and following that they are as common as any other fitness aid. And who could deny it was deserved? The only things you need are the kettlebells and anyone can begin using these basic moves. Naturally, the advanced routines aren’t as straightforward. You should learn the earliest exercises prior to mustering the truly advanced moves. An essential step when starting to train with Russian kettlebells involves making sure you obtain the best weight. You need lighter weights than you might imagine when Russian kettlebells are your chosen exercise. For women, an 18lb Russian kettlebell can easily be more than required at the outset, although male enthusiasts are generally better served by the thirty five pound weights. The reason for this stems from the mechanics by which these exercises will benefit you. Because with the Russian kettlebell it comes from the movement rather than from how much weight is employed. Knowing you’re doing your techniques properly is essential, so purchase an educational DVD or pamphlet to improve your workout.

Before trying any of the other kettlebell routines you ought to study the double-handed swing. It seems more straightforward than it is, but it’s at the centerpoint of most kettlebell routines. Rapid halts, jerky movements - these are not exactly what you ought to be aiming for. Lift the weights lifting from your hips, and not with your shoulders, to guarantee your comfort and support over the course of your exercises.

If you’re sure you’ve perfected the two-handed swing, it’s time to move on - you’ll be ready to try more difficult routines. To keep your motivation, variation is useful - you could perhaps vary your accompanying tunes, move exercises in and out of the workout program, and more. While you get comfortable carrying out these movements, think about bringing an additional pair of kettlebells into your fitness program and even different weights. Of course, you don’t want your keep fit program to become less effective, and these tips help to avoid the issue.

Don’t think, however, that a chiseled body and larger muscles are a realistic option if you only use the kettlebells. These workouts were designed exclusively to raise your all round fitness level and help with weightloss.

We should recommend introducing a Russian kettlebell session into a well rounded keep fit program. How often you pick up the kettlebells is naturally your own choice. Want to sustain body current weight? Two routines each week is about what you want. Alternatively you can ratchet up the pace, have five or six sessions each week, and ditch that excess fat…

Fulvic Minerals maybe be one of nature?s best kept secrets. Users of Fulvic have accounted finding energy, loss of extreme appetite, a better immune system and numerous other benefits. In The End, like any non-pharmaceutical product you essential make a determination on your own about the potency of such a product. This is simply because the Food and Drug Administration does not sanction these types of products.

You might be inquisitive how an acid can help you feel better, specially when you may have also found that base-forming materials may be healthier for your body. Firstly, Fulvic Ionic Minerals is not genuinely acid at all, it was referred this because in early pioneering days acids were used to extract organic fulvic matter from substances such as fossilized peat moss. Since that time, better methods to extract fulvic have been discovered. It is always best to find a Fulvic Minerals product that has not been processed with excessive heat, chemicals or acids. You are much better off with an all natural, organically processed Fulvic product.


True Fulvic acid should contain no less than 72 minerals in their ionic form and should contain the 8 essential amino acids. It is very important to note that you should be looking for fulvic that has no minerals in their molecular form as it is likely to have heavy metals in it. There are only a couple of Fulvic Minerals sources that have been found to have 0 heavy metals and only 100% ionic form minerals.

Don’t get the wrong idea; kettlebells aren’t a modern invention. The popular opinion would have them roughly three centuries old. That being said, are you surprised to hear that it’s become considered one of the trendiest fitness routines on the planet? So let’s look at how that happened. The kettlebell has enjoyed an astonishing increase in recognition. And, why not? Kettlebell exercises are easy, simple, don’t call for a lot of unusual equipment, and we’re confident anyone could start out immediately. Obviously, the more complicated exercises aren’t as straightforward. As with all things, the basic aspects must be learned first.

Above all, with Russian kettlebells as with all weights, you must take care that you pick out the ideal weight for you. And, when you use kettlebells in your exercises, the weights used are surprisingly light. Typically for women, an 18lb Russian kettlebell is often more than you need as you begin, and men should opt for the thirty-five lb weights. The weights are surprisingly light - this is because with these exercises, it’s all about the routine’s motion rather than how much weight is involved. You’ll find that it’s worthwhile to get hold of an instruction DVD or pamphlet to study and make sure you carry out the motions right.

The key routine to practice with the kettlebell should be a double-handed swing. It appears easier than it actually is, but it’s at the cornerstone of so many other more advanced techniques. Above all your movements must be fluid, not hasty. We recommend that you check you’re not lifting the kettlebell with your back - lift with your hips instead.

Once you have perfected this movement, you can move onto some of the more complex kettlebell tricks. To retain your devotion, variation is key; you can always change your accompanying music, rotate techniques in and out of your regime, and so on. Over time, while your comfort with them develops, you can adjust the weights and even, perhaps, incorporate a second pair. Naturally, you don’t want your fitness program to become less effective, and these tips can help you circumvent that. It should be noted that should you begin a keep fit program designed around kettlebells planning to increase your strength or for bodybuilding, you’ll be disappointed. What they will do is keep your weight down, develop tone, and boost overall fitness.

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The life expectancy of a morbidly overweight individual is shortened by a considerable amount. Of course dieting is easier said than done. To make the most of a diet program, you should look into how to lose the excess body fat.

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Although bypass surgery is routine at present, it can result in some very unpleasant not to mention serious consequences. Excess sweating, feelings of nausea, and frequent vomiting due to stomal stenosis are among the side-effects found after gastric bypass surgery, particularly if you binge. A high proportion of people who have chosen the surgical option in addition get allergies to certain foods, irregularity in bowel movements and the inability to tolerate cold conditions. For most slimmers the dangers unquestionably outnumber the advantages.

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Beta-glucan is a fiber-type polysaccharide that is drawn from the cell wall of oat and barley fiber, some types of medicinal mushrooms, and baker’s yeast.

The two main uses of the complex sugar are to bolster the body’s immune system and to minimize blood cholesterol levels. Myriad experimental research programs conducted on animals have presented that the substance activates white blood cells. Studies indicate that one type of the polysaccharide — namely beta-1,3-glucan — is very effective in activating two types of white blood cells namely macrophages and neutrophils. Activated macrophages and neutrophils are an essential part of the human body’s immune system as they can clean up the cellular debris of oxidative damage, destroy tumor cells, further bolster the immune system by activating its other components, and accelerate the recovery of impaired tissue.

Beta-glucan is the primary element for the cholesterol-lowering benefit provided by oat bran. The substance also has the cholesterol binding effect exhibited by other soluble-fibers and as such, is very beneficial in minimizing cholesterol in the blood. Beta-glucan also regulates blood sugar levels in the body by impeding gastric emptying and consequently slowing down the absorption of dietary sugar.

As stated, the complex sugar can be derived from the cell walls of cereal and yeast fibers, which include wheat, oats, and barley. The polysaccharide is also available as a dietary supplement and can be had in liquid form or in tablets and capsules.

Read the quotations of Henry Kravis on Brainy Quote.

The Academy of Achievement features a detailed profile of Henry Kravis.

Read the biographical highlights of Henry Kravis on this Wall Street Journal snapshot.